I was surprised to note the facility with which one top economist , interviewed in this very paper, blamed the resurgence of inflation, coming back with a vengeance, to Budget 2011. Moreover the same economist using the traditional cost push/demand pull theories, tried to convince us that “le comité de politique monétaire a voulu prendre le risque de baisser le taux d’intérêt de manière agressive par 100 points de base, rien que pour faire taire les exportateurs. A peine trois mois après, le gouverneur de la Banque de Maurice, Rundheersing Bheenick, a dit que l’inflation remonterait plus vite que prévu, allant même jusqu’à anticiper une Year-on-Year Inflation supérieure à 7% en juin 2011”. As it is explained below this is a very simplistic way of assessing the monetary policy stance at a specific time under specific conditions.
How can one assess the stance of monetary policy in a given period?
Theoretically, the stance of monetary policy can be assessed by simple comparison with the neutral policy. For example, a current quantity of money that is higher than the neutral. quantity, or an interest rate that is lower than the neutral interest rate, would indicate an expansionary monetary policy. In practice, however, it is not easy to pin down the neutral policy (e.g the neutral levels of money or interest rate), Moreover, a single variable may not suffice to determine the stance of monetary policy. For example, the interest rate may be lower than the neutral level, while the opposite holds for the exchange rate.
In general, assessing the stance of monetary policy is not straightforward. Effects of monetary policy on output and prices usually occur with a lag ; many other factors besides monetary policy can be affecting the economy and disentangling the role of monetary policy in a given period can be quite challenging. Nonetheless, the behavior of certain economic indicators can help if we have a look at some of these indicators
The implications of monetary aggregates as indicators for the stance of monetary policy would be more apparent if the velocity of money is relatively stable or more generally if the demand for money can be estimated reasonably well. For many countries, however the proliferation of financial instruments and rapid innovations in the financial markets, have made the behavior of monetary aggregates fairly unstable and hence, an unreliable indicator .Thus, central bankers have tended to examine several monetary aggregates (M1, M2, M2+. etc.) simultaneously and mostly as a supplement to other indicators.
Interest rates provide an alternative means to assess the stance of monetary policy. Of course, there is a variety of interest rates but they typically move closely together. A rise in interest rates does not necessarily signal a contraction. Contrary to the assertion of our top economist still locked up in cost and demand pull theories of inflation that “the only way to control inflation is to jack up the interest rate”, a rise in interest rates does not necessarily signal a contractionary stance . Higher interest rates may be driven by higher (current or expected) inflation, and may actually be the result of a loose rather than a tight monetary policy. In many countries we have seen (LR) interest rates decline significantly as a result of austere macroeconomic measures including contractionary monetary policies intended to lower inflation. This is one instance where the short- and long-term interest rates may temporarily move in opposite directions- the short-term interest rates increasing as a direct consequence of the contractionary monetary policy and the long-term interest rates decreasing in expectation of the future decline of the inflation rate . A rise in interest rates may reflect an improvement in investment opportunities and a higher demand for capital due to gains in productivity following technological innovations. Or, on the contrary, it may reflect an increase in the risk premium and an outflow of capital. In either case, the neutral interest has risen. Under these conditions, higher interest rates are neutral, while constant interest rates would be associated with an expansionary monetary policy. A rise in interest rates only indicates that monetary policy is tighter than it was but not necessarily that it is contractionary In other words, the interest rate though rising may still be lower than the neutral rate.
Estimating the neutral interest rate exhibits some difficulties. But one has other choices like the yield spread, that is, the difference between the short term and the long term interest rate. Please note that the yield spread measure also includes the risk premium implicit in the long term interest rate. It may be more appropriate to use changes in the yield spread as an indicator of changes in the stance of the monetary policy. More generally, one can examine the overall structure of the interest rates, or the yield curve, and shifts in that yield curve . A steeper yield curve indicates a drop in short-term interest rates and /or a rise in long-term interest rate and hence would suggest a looser monetary policy. Interest rates, the yield spread and the yield curve are thus useful indicators. Thus we wish to caution our top economist that especially in a high inflation, high debt, and generally unstable environment, interest rates are likely to be volatile and must therefore be interpreted with caution. We have also the exchange rate, the Monetary Condition Index and the level of domestic credit and other assets. To summarize it all, the Monetary policy stance at a given period is assessed through various indicators namely monetary aggregates, interest rates and yield spreads, exchange rate, monetary conditions index and output-gap. To understand the monetary policy transmission mechanism, we have to examine the different channels to gauge the final impact of monetary policy ((interest rate, exchange rate. wealth, credit), lags at different levels in the transmission mechanism , forward-looking behavior and expectational channels of monetary and to disentangle the monetary policy impact requires a detailed knowledge of the state of the economy (financial sector, labor markets. debt structure, output gap position ... ) and the effect of a change in exchange rate pass-through on the transmission mechanism. Equally important are the equilibrium concepts of - neutral interest rate, equilibrium real exchange rate, potential output and the deviations in 'gap' variables versus the movements in equilibrium values . The types and nature of shocks also need to be correctly identified and interpreted before studying the monetary policy effects.
We had analyzed the post-budget 2011 monetary policy stance along those lines examining the output gap, the level of liquidity in the banking system, the growth of credit, inflationary expectations and the external environment. Real output was still below potential and the negative output gap had contributed to keep inflationary pressures emanating from the supply side in check. There was still excess liquidity of nearly Rs 4.2 billion in the system despite efforts by the Central Bank to mop it up. The Bank of Mauritius (BoM) had to “issue notes of longer-term maturities, ranging from two to four years, to pick up the slack created by net redemption of Government paper. Surprisingly, the increasing liquidity in the system has not been accompanied by increasing demand for loanable funds. Credit to the private sector which picked up in the second quarter of 2010 dropped back to a 2.9% growth in the third quarter. The Governor was concerned that “our banks perhaps (are) becoming too risk averse. Is there an unmet demand for loans in parallel with excess liquidity in the system? If so, aren’t we failing to tap our full growth potential?” As for inflationary expectations, there were upside risks for the short-to medium-term inflation outlook. The seventh Inflation Expectations Survey revealed that 84.5% of respondents expected prices to go up. The mean inflation rates of respondents worked out to be 3.1%, 3.6% and 4.3% respectively for the twelve months ending December 2010, June 2011 and December 2011. As far as the external environment was concerned, recovery was stalling and was still in danger of petering out altogether; the advanced economies continue to expand at a lower pace. We were of the opinion that the lowering of the Repo Rate has provided only a temporary reprieve. It had not stimulated much borrowing either from households or cautious business. Banks were then holding on to their excess reserves. If all the cheap money eventually had spurred much higher economic growth, these reserves would have turned into loans. There was thus very little reason for continuing with the lowering of the Repo Rate as the Central Bank would have only been “pushing on a string”. As you see every , monetary policy is related to a number of fundamental economic indicators and these indicators are not easy to reconcile-domestic credit can be declining simultaneously with inters rates and interest rates may be declining at the same time as the exchange rate is rising. We should thus avoid those simplistic assessment of the monetary policy stance at a specific period with its specific parameters (indicators) in specific conditions ( equilibrium concepts and nature of shocks) if we need to understand the state of the economy in a given period.
